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During the transition period following the break up of the Soviet Union no research facilities or farm management activities existed to assist buffalo breeders symptoms internal bleeding generic bimatoprost 3ml mastercard. As a result medicine cabinets with lights purchase bimatoprost 3ml free shipping, the number of buffaloes in many regions of Azerbaijan fell drastically. In order to counteract this shortage, the President of Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev, issued a decree for the Preservation of the Local Livestock Gene Pools in Azerbaijan. The Azerbaijan Association of Buffalo Breeders, founded in December 2001, played a leading role in passing this law. There are approximately 300 000 buffaloes in Azerbaijan, including 140 000 female buffaloes with an average milking rate of around 1 200-1 600 kg (eight to ten percent fat content) with 305 days per lactation. On the state-supported buffalo breeding farm, there are 920 buffaloes, including 250 female buffaloes (Farajev and Bashirov, 2002). The main problem hampering the development of buffalo breeding in Azerbaijan is the absence of high quality reproductive buffaloes and a lack of artificial insemination facilities. Financial assistance, such as that provided by Italy, was useful for the introduction of oestrus induction and artificial insemination techniques. Azeri buffaloes submitted to oestrus induction and artificial insemination techniques (Borghese photo, 2003) 23 13. However, it is important to note that no research or selection has been carried out in Armenia recently. After privatization no precise livestock recording has been undertaken and the data presently available is merely the statistical data which was collected in the past. The buffalo is a native animal of Iran, with over 80 percent of its population concentrated in the north and north-west (Azerbaijan province) and 18 percent in the south of the country. Some of the main reasons for this decline may be industrialization, the increasing demand for buffalo meat but a lack of replacement of the slaughtered animals and farming diversification and income. Official neglect and pro-Holstein propaganda have caused a significant decrease in buffalo numbers in Iran in recent decades (Mohsen pour Azary et al. The buffalo farming system in Iran is based on smallholders (99 percent); most of the herds have an average of five animals; a few herds have between 20 and 50 buffaloes and some of them have 300 buffaloes. Smallholders manage their animals according to the opportunities offered by the environment: on pasture, stubble, shrubs and grass. Most of them obtain their feeding by grazing along water sources: streams, rivers; ponds, lakes, integrated with the following products: citrus peels and pulp, sugar cane wastage, etc. In Khuzestan, buffaloes are raised outdoors throughout the year; but in the north-west they are housed in the autumn and winter. Buffalo farming in Iran can be considered to be at a good level since the owned or rented properties are of a large size and the land available for buffalo farming is also extensive. Milk production in Iran is reported in Table 9 according to data published by Abdulwahid Ghanemi (1998). Milk production of buffaloes in Iran Khuzestani Lactation period (days) Milk yield (kg/year) 210 1 865 Azeri 210 1 200 15. Presently it is impossible to estimate the real situation in Iraq because of the war. According to data provided by Magid (1996), buffaloes are bred in the marshes and swim far and wide for feeding on papyrus, reeds, common ash and other plants. When the flood water is high their owners have to go out and collect these plants in order to feed the buffaloes on platforms. Buffaloes in towns rarely graze on natural pasture; they are fed mostly on concentrates, green forage, straw and agricultural by-products. While the annual growth rate for the buffalo population approached 3 percent over the last two decades, it still only accounts for 1 percent of the cattle population. The aggregate share of buffalo milk, from all types of production systems is about 81 percent of total milk production in Egypt. The cost of milk production from buffaloes is also less than the cost of reconstituted imported powdered milk at the international market price. The return on one ton of concentrate feed mix generated by milk production confirmed the comparative advantage of buffaloes in Egypt. Recently, in association with the economic reform era and market liberalization, the commercial buffalo system has significantly expanded (Soliman and Sadek, 2004). Egyptian buffalo cows and calves reared in the Delta Region (Borghese photo, 2000) 25 There are different research institutes at the Ministry of Agriculture and at the University in Giza (Cairo) involved in developing projects concerning buffaloes and buffalo products.

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Clinical findings- In less developed agricultural systems the severity of the disease caused by these parasites may present the classical clinical signs of stunted growth symptoms vertigo trusted 3ml bimatoprost, tissue oedema medicine 0031 cheap bimatoprost 3ml mastercard, and severe diarrhoea. In more affluent agricultural systems the extensive use of highly efficacious broad spectrum anthelmintics has resulted in a situation where clinical disease is not commonly encountered. But even in these intensively managed herds, the parasites hinder optimal growth and productivity of their hosts. Furthermore, numerous studies have shown that even in well-managed herds, with no signs of clinical parasitism, the presence of the parasites in the herds results in decreased growth in young animals, and decreased milk production in adult cows. Gastrointestinal nematode infections of cattle remain a constraint on the efficient raising of cattle on pasture throughout the world. In some cases the structure and size of the egg can be diagnostic; however, in many instances, similarities among eggs from different species and even distinct genera require alternative methods for their differentiation. This procedure is labour intensive, time-consuming and prone to errors due to the variation in egg viability and parasite development in culture. Other methods utilizing microscopic examination require measurements on as many as twenty different parameters per egg, followed by computer analysis and assimilation of the data (Georgi et al. Clearly, these procedures are equally labour intensive, requiring expensive equipment and the creation of a considerably large data system to decrease the error rate. This method, however, fails to discern one specific species among the other nematode species in the midst of a mixed population. Therapy- Ostertagia is sensitive to benzimidazole, levamisole and avermectins both in the adult and developing phase. Following treatment it would be advisable to move animals onto non-exploited pastures. The development of broad spectrum, highly efficacious anthelmintic drugs changed the nature of parasite control programmes, and has resulted in a situation where parasite control now relies almost exclusively upon the repeated administration of drugs to a large percentage of herd members (Zarlenga et al. For livestock producers, it is important that they identify both the animals harbouring high numbers of parasites, as well as those individuals carrying the more pathogenic parasite species, such as Ostertagia ostertagi in the more temperate regions. Rapid parasite identification would greatly assist the development of control programmes and reduce the number of unnecessary drug treatments (Zarlenga et al. With regard to Ostertagia, it is kept under control through routine treatments in calves when the larvae number increases. Although animals are treated, they still remain exposed to re-infestations, affecting their productivity. Nowadays the risk of development of helminthic strains resistant to drugs recommends avoiding frequent treatments. The control of other strongylosis is quite similar to what has already been mentioned for Ostertagia. On account of the type of disease caused by these parasites, the control of disease does not require absolute protection from infection. An optimal control programme should instead minimize both the impact of these parasites on productivity and the level of economic input into the production system, while maximizing utilization of renewable resources such as pastures. Coccidiosis Etiology- Coccidia are intracellular parasites of the epithelial cells of the intestine. They present a single host in which they undergo both asexual and sexual multiplication. Epidemiology- Coccidiosis in buffaloes, as in cattle, is widely prevalent and usually affects calves below one year of age, but it may occasionally also occur in yearling calves. Older buffaloes are more resistant to clinical coccidiosis due to either age resistance or acquired immunity. Thirteen Eimeria species are common to both the hosts parasitizing their intestines. The first one is particularly severe, affecting the coecum and colon thus causing haemorragic diarrhoea. The prevalence of the 286 disease may vary from place to place, depending on climatic conditions. The trend of the disease varies according to particular conditions such as overcrowding and lack of hygiene, that are liable to influence the number of oocistis ingested. Clinical findings- the disease develops in acute, subacute and chronic forms and is responsible for exceedingly heavy economic losses to the dairy industry as its main adverse effect strikes young calves below six months of age. An acute form of coccidiosis in buffalo calves is characterized by bloody diarrhoea. The infected animals may show other clinical signs, such as anorexia, weakness, loss of body weight, anaemia, emaciation and dehydration.

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In an individual who refuses surgery or one with advanced disease medicine ketorolac bimatoprost 3ml with amex, concurrent chemoradiation can be used (Gakis treatment of scabies bimatoprost 3 ml sale, 2013; Grivas, 2012). Double-blind, randomized, phase 2 trial of maintenance sunitinib versus placebo after response to chemotherapy in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma. Indications Azedra is considered medically necessary for the treatment of an individual aged 12 years and older with iobenguane scan positivity who has inoperable locally advanced or metastatic pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma requiring systemic treatment. Concerns about the use of this radiopharmaceutical include but are not limited to: 1. Lung and/or liver metastases were present at baseline in 32 of 64 evaluable patients. The primary endpoint specified in the study was the proportion of patients with at least 50% reduction of all anti-hypertensive medications for a minimum of 6 months during the efficacy period of 1 year. After one (1) year, patients entered four (4) additional years of planned follow-up. The drug is administered as a dosimetric dose followed by two therapeutic doses administered 90 days apart 2. Users should familiarize themselves with the therapeutic dose adjustments that may be necessary based on the dosimetry results and reactions to treatment 3. The most common (50%) treatment-emergent adverse events were myelosuppression, nausea, and fatigue. Lutetium 177 dotatate is indicated in the treatment of inoperable somatostatin receptor positive tumors of the pancreas D. Lutetium 177 dotatate is indicated in the treatment of metastatic somatostatin receptor positive tumors of the pancreas E. Official pathology report documenting a neuroendocrine tumor of the foregut, midgut, hindgut or pancreas with Ki67 index < 20% B. In the absence of metastatic disease, a surgical or medical consult documenting the reason for inoperability D. This radiopharmaceutical should be used by or under the supervision of physicians with specific training in the use of radiopharmaceuticals who have been authorized and approved by the appropriate governmental agency C. Pregnancy, lactation and precautions for both women and men of reproductive potential on appropriate contraception methods including embryo-fetal toxicity and risks of infertility 3. Neuroendocrine hormonal crisis: flushing, diarrhea, bronchospasm, bronchoconstriction, hypotension, and other symptoms. The approval has not yet been expanded to include other neuroendocrine sites such as the lung, parathyroid, adrenal, or pituitary sites. In addition to the contraindications and precautions listed above, the use of Lutathera requires that long acting somatostatin analogs such as octreotide be discontinued for at least 4 weeks prior to the commencement of Lutathera treatment. Short-acting octreotide may be administered as needed but must be discontinued at least 24 hours before each Lutathera treatment. Currently, the prescribing information states that following Lutathera treatment long-acting octreotide 30 mg intramuscularly should be given every 4 weeks until disease progression or for up to 18 months following the commencement of Lutathera. The treating physician should be familiar with the prescribing information accompanying the Lutathera medication as information is subject to change by the manufacturer. Additional prescribing information includes pre-medication with antiemetics and the use of a specialized amino acid infusion to significantly reduce the dose of radiation to the kidneys. The manufacturer has cautioned that this infusion should not be changed if the dose of Lutathera is reduced. A total of 229 patients were randomized to Lutathera 200 mCi for four infusions every 8 weeks concurrently with long-acting octreotide (30 mg) or highdose octreotide alone (60 mg). It was noted that 74% of patients had an ileal primary and 96% had metastatic disease in the liver. In an updated analysis, progressive disease was seen in 23% of the 177-Lu group and 69% of the control group. Another subgroup of 443 Dutch patients were treated with a cumulative dose of at least 600 mCi. The group included not only gastrointestinal tumors but also pancreatic and bronchial neuroendocrine tumors. It is unclear as to whether this is a true increase or a better recognition of the entity or combination of these factors.

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Electrophoresis of buffalo (Bos bubalis) serum proteins including immunoglobulins symptoms dengue fever buy bimatoprost 3ml low cost. Fattori ambientali causa di variazioni endocrino-metaboliche nella bufala da latte medicinenetcom purchase 3ml bimatoprost. Day three serum inhibin B is predictive of assisted reproductive technologies outcome. Biochemical constituents of blood in buffaloes and cows during late pregnancy and different feeding and climatic conditions. The effect of activation of granulocytes on enzyme release and hydrogen peroxide and superoxide production in buffaloes. Plasma inhibin levels in relation to steroids and gonadotrophins during the oestrus cycle in buffalo. The accumulation of alpha-Tocopherol and Retinol in the milk of water buffalo is correlated with the plasma levels of triiodothyronine. Seasonal variation in progesterone concentration during the oestrus cycle in Murrah buffaloes. Effect of feeding system and puberty on blood metabolites trend in buffalo heifers. Workshop Stato di benessere ed efficienza riproduttiva negli animali di interesse zootecnico. Book of Abstracts 54th Annual Meeting of the European Association for Animal Production, Rome, Italy: 184. Circadian variation of serum triodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) concentrations in non pregnant Murrah buffalo cows. Detection of fetal twins in sheep using a radioimmunoassay for pregnancy specific proteins. Hormonal and haematological profiles in buffalo after transport, handling and slaughter stress. Comportamento di alcune costanti ematiche nelle bufale in gravidanza e lattazione. Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana (Animal Prophylaxis Research Institute for Lazio and Toscana regions) Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Capannelle (Rome), Italy 2. Istituto Sperimentale per la Zootecnia (Animal Production Research Institute) Via Salaria 31, 00016 Monterotondo (Rome), Italy the water buffalo is susceptible to most diseases and parasites that afflict cattle, although the effects of disease on the buffalo and its productivity are sometimes less evident. Generally Bubalus bubalis is a healthy animal, in spite of a natural habitat consisting of hot and humid regions that are very favourable to micro organism and parasite proliferation. Hajela and Sharma (1978) reported that Asia 1 is more severe in buffaloes than in cattle. Epidemiology- the disease is present worldwide except in North and Central America (north of Panama), Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Great Britain and Scandinavia. Severe forms of the disease have been reported in the indigenous Swamp buffaloes of India, Egypt and Romania. The disease is acute and highly contagious and may spread over huge areas due to movement of infected or contaminated animals, products, objects, and people. Cattle and buffaloes are mainly infected by inhalation due to aerosol transmission, often from pigs, which excrete large amounts of virus by respiratory aerosols and are considered highly significant in the diffusion of the disease. Large amounts of virus are excreted by infected buffaloes and cattle before clinical signs are evident, and winds may spread the virus over long distances. During the acute stage of infection, the disease has been transmitted from cattle to buffalo and vice versa (Gomes et al. In Nepal the clinical disease was comparatively mild and mainly affected buffaloes as a severe decrease in milk production, even for those in close contact with cattle, that exhibited the classical lesions. People can be infected through skin wounds or the oral mucosa by handling diseased stock, the virus in laboratories, or by drinking infected milk, but not by eating meat from infected animals. The rate of infection (morbidity) can reach 100 percent, however mortality can range from 5 percent (adults) to 75 percent (suckling pigs and sheep). Persistent infection 250 in buffaloes during the first 35 days following infection is similar to that in cattle (Gomes et al.

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