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Assumptions and estimates used by the Group may differ materially from the actual results we experience due to changing market and economic conditions pain medication dosage for small dogs generic elavil 25 mg on line, higher or lower withdrawal rates pain medication for dogs hips order elavil 50mg with amex, and longer or shorter life spans of participants, among other factors. Depending on events, such differences could have a material effect on our total equity. For more information on obligations under retirement and other post-employment benefit plans and underlying actuarial assumptions, see "Item 18. Provisions and other Contingent consideration In an acquisition or divestment of a business, it is necessary to recognize contingent future amounts due to pre- 66 Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects non-current liabilities" and "Item 18. These provisions are adjusted periodically as assessments change or additional information becomes available. For significant product liability cases, the provision is actuarially determined based on factors such as past experience, amount and number of claims reported, and estimates of claims incurred but not yet reported. Provisions are recorded for environmental remediation costs when expenditure on remedial work is probable and the cost can be reliably estimated. Provisions relating to estimated future expenditure for liabilities do not usually reflect any insurance or other claims or recoveries, since these are only recognized as assets when the amount is reasonably estimable and collection is virtually certain. Considerable judgment is required in estimating these contributions, as not all data is available when the estimates need to be made. The calculation of the annual expense for this levy requires use of management judgement and estimates. We consider that regulatory and other uncertainties inherent in the development of new products preclude the capitalization of internal development expenses as an intangible asset usually until marketing approval from the regulatory authority is obtained in a relevant major market, such as for the United States, the European Union or Switzerland. Costs for activities that are required by regulatory authorities as a condition for obtaining marketing approval are capitalized and recognized as currently marketed products. Taxes We prepare and file our tax returns based on an interpretation of tax laws and regulations, and we record estimates based on these judgments and interpretations. Our tax returns are subject to examination by the competent taxing authorities, which may result in an assessment being made, requiring payments of additional tax, interest or penalties. Since Novartis uses its intellectual property globally to deliver goods and services, the transfer prices within the Group as well as arrangements between subsidiaries to finance research and development and other activities may be challenged by the national tax authorities in any of the jurisdictions in which Novartis operates. Therefore, inherent uncertainties exist in our estimates of our tax positions, but we believe that our estimated amounts for current and deferred tax assets or liabilities, including any amounts related to any uncertain tax positions, are appropriate based on currently known facts and circumstances. C Board practices-Corporate governance-Information and control systems-Risk management" and "Item 18. To provide additional information that may be useful to investors, including changes in sales volume, we present information about our net sales and various values relating to operating and net income that are adjusted for such foreign currency effects. However, in performing our evaluation, we also consider equivalent measures of performance that are not affected by changes in the relative value of currencies. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects Free cash flow Novartis defines free cash flow as net cash flows from operating activities and cash flows from investing activities associated with purchases and sales of property, plant and equipment, of intangible assets, of financial assets and of other non-current assets. Excluded from free cash flow are cash flows from investing activities associated with acquisitions and divestments of businesses and of interests in associated companies, purchases and sales of marketable securities and commodities and net cash flows from financing activities. Free cash flow is a measure of the net cash generated that is available for investment in strategic opportunities, returning to shareholders and for debt repayment. Adjustments related to income from associated companies are recorded net of any related tax effect. Generally, this results in amortization and impairment of intangible assets and acquisition-related restructuring and integration items having a full tax impact. There is usually a tax impact on other items, although this is not always the case for items arising from legal settlements in certain jurisdictions. Due to these factors and the differing effective tax rates in the various jurisdictions, the tax on the total adjustments, excluding the non-taxable non-cash gain on the distribution (spin-off) of Alcon Inc. The 2019 core tax rate, excluding the effect of the gain on the distribution of Alcon Inc. This increase was mainly driven by higher net income adjusted for non-cash items and other adjustments, including divestment gains, partly offset by higher payments out of provisions related to legal matters. As such, these assets and liabilities are reclassified to their respective consolidated balance sheet lines as from March 31, 2020; the prior year consolidated balance sheet is not restated. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects lation adjustments, as income from associated companies was largely offset by dividends received.

For these reasons some people believe it is better for the intrapreneurial team to have its own sales force dedicated exclusively to selling the innovation pain treatment of the bluegrass purchase elavil 10mg mastercard. These roles and the associated activities are discussed in the following paragraphs pain and spine treatment center dworkin buy elavil 50mg cheap. The practitioner also should keep an eye out for appropriate people within the organization who can serve as sponsors of intrapreneurs and should be prepared to put intrapreneurs in touch with these sponsors. No idea becomes organizational reality without the sponsorship of key organizational members. The practitioner can make this importance known, help to recruit sponsors, and perhaps even serve as an advocate of the idea. When an intraprise succeeds, the practitioner should point out the need to recognize and reward the intrapreneurial team. Sometimes there is a tendency to heap glory exclusively on the intrapreneur who originally pursued the idea, but the reality is that all 406 the Pfeiffer Library Volume 20, 2nd Edition. They all take the risks involved in turning a new idea into reality, and they all should be rewarded. On the other hand, when an intraprise fails, there is a potential for career setbacks, not only for the intrapreneur but for the entire intrapreneurial team. If these setbacks occur, the practitioner should be ready to provide encouragement, to point out options, and to coach members of the team as appropriate. If the intrapreneur is inclined to accept the total responsibility for failure, the practitioner should work with the intrapreneur to ensure that this negative experience does not permanently damage his or her innovative spirit. Educator/Trainer/Facilitator Working with the Intrapreneur, the Intrapreneurial Team, and Sponsors Often an intrapreneur is made the leader of an intrapreneurial team whose task is to bring a particular intraprise to fruition. However, if the intrapreneur has no leadership experience, he or she may be at a loss as to how to fulfill this role. Also, lack of experience on the part of the intrapreneur and other members of the intrapreneurial team may mean that they will need help in setting achievable milestones for their intraprise. If this is the case, the practitioner should be prepared to train the team in goal setting and action planning. It may be that the members of the team will need help with team building and with solving problems having to do with teammember interactions. The practitioner may find it helpful to teach the team some of the basics of group process and development as well as some tools that they can use to help group work flow more smoothly. Consequently, when working with intrapreneurs, the practitioner should remain on the lookout for political pitfalls that might spell disaster for intraprises. Educating intrapreneurs and their sponsors with regard to these pitfalls and to potential enemies behind the scenes is one of the more valuable services that the practitioner can provide. With knowledge of barriers that might be faced, the intrapreneur and his or her sponsor can plan an effective strategy for by-passing these barriers or at least mitigating their potency. One political issue that an intrapreneur may not be prepared to handle is the possibility that the innovation might be stolen if it is a success. However, connection with successful intraprises is a strong enticement to those who might want to steal the idea if it is the Pfeiffer Library Volume 20, 2nd Edition. Even if it seems unlikely that the idea could be stolen, some individuals might attempt to steal the limelight, the credit, or other rewards that rightfully belong to intrapreneurs. The practitioner should keep intrapreneurs and their sponsors informed about such possibilities and should be prepared to give advice for dealing with threats or actual thefts. This may entail putting intrapreneurs in touch with legal counsel or others who will be able to advise them about patents, copyright issues, and so on. For example, the notion of granting decision-making authority to intrapreneurs may be totally foreign to established organizational policy. An important point to stress to top management is that innovation cannot wait; when it is put on hold, the competitive edge may be lost. The practitioner can also help managers to realize that even though they may be unable to fathom a particular decision or its urgency, their faith in the intrapreneur and his or her profound commitment to the intraprise should convince them to grant the authority to follow through on that commitment. Similarly, if managers are skeptical about providing resources for the purpose of experimenting, the practitioner should stress that people who are not encouraged to experiment may eventually lose the inclination, if not the ability, to innovate. Also, employees who are never trusted to handle money, as would be required during the process of experimentation, may become indifferent to it and never learn to spend it fruitfully yet prudently. Because the process of experimentation requires responsibility in using resources, responsibility is what employees who experiment learn-along with an enhanced appreciation of scarce resources. The practitioner may be able to use these principles effectively as selling points.

In the broadest sense pain memory treatment elavil 10mg on line, political reality may be said to refer to all activities that involve the expression and authoritative realization of collective interests davis pain treatment center buy discount elavil 10mg on-line, or the achievement of any 155 Section 2. In a narrower sense, the political reality is deemed the separate from society, specialized and professional management of the latter. In this sense, political reality is largely (but not completely) confined to "state policy". In its origins the concept of a border policy was connected with the policy of the state. Because state borders as a phenomenon, as well as transborder relations, emerged simultaneously with the state, it is possible to say that in one form or another border policy has been around for five thousand or so years. However, it should be borne in mind that for most of this period border policy usually consisted of fairly primitive and disparate decisions and actions associated with responses to some extraordinary and critical situation (the threat of war, mass migration, the spread of epidemics and the like). Only in the period that saw the formation and development of industrial societies did border policy begin to turn in an independent, specialized and institutionally organized direction of state policy. The prerequisites for this process were a significant complication of the structure and differentiation of functions of nation-states, which with the advent of the concept of territorial sovereignty securing the political and legal foundations of the Westphalian world order have become the leading actors within intra- and inter-societal relations. Even in Europe and North America (not to mention other parts of the world) the development of border policy, inextricably linked with the evolution of the nation-state and its linear borders, has been by no means fast, consistent and uniform. However, significant institutional, legal and technical progress in this area, begun in many countries during the industrial revolution and accelerating in the twentieth century, would be hard to deny. The border policy of the state in the modern era can be generally defined as being a set of actions undertaken by the state authorities aimed at regulating transborder relations within the border space (within the territorial limits of the sovereignty of the state). Thus, the basic final object of border policy is the transborder relations of society, or rather that part of them which lies within the borders of the state. Parsons, the system of modern societies (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1971), Ch. The connection of border policy with a particular state and its sovereignty determines its strength and at the same time, its limited capacity. The foreign sources and factors within transborder flows and the movement of these flows beyond the state usually place them beyond the reach of such a policy. Early attempts of elementary political regulation by states of important transborder relations (especially economic) beyond their borders could take the form of intergovernmental agreements or long-term alliances. Transborder policy can be defined as a set of decisions and actions made by state authorities and other international, supranational and sub-national, actors that are aimed at regulating transborder relations within a transborder space (within territorial sovereignties of two or more states). Thus, the object of transborder policy is essentially the same as the object of border policy, but in this case it covers a much larger geographic scale, and ultimately implies achieving a higher level of efficiency in the management of transborder relations. However, the claims of transborder policy to larger scale and greater efficiency have their flip side. The process of developing and implementing transborder policy, taking place as it does in a decentralized, anarchic environment where actors do not recognize general rules or a higher authority, is difficult and risky. For example, such a union (Zollverein) in 1830 became the basis of the process of unification of the German states. Lindberg, the Political Dynamics of European Economic Integration (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1963). Concepts and problems of border studies Therefore, one essential difference between border and transborder policies relates to features (the scale) of their objects. Another distinction between border and transborder policies arises from differences in their subjects. While focused on the same strategic goals of security and development for their subjects (inherent in any policy), border and transborder policies are based on the interests of the social systems of different levels and types. If a border policy is aimed at ensuring the security and development of a separate state (or nation, a sovereign society) within its border space, a transborder policy should ensure the overall security and development of two or more states (societies) within the framework of their common transborder space. To clarify the specifics of border and transborder policies allows for a review of relations between them and other policies. However, the major bases for such differentiation and specialization stem from the subjects and objects of political action. The main types of policy in terms of subject are those of state and of public (civil) actors, while in terms of the object they are divided primarily into domestic and foreign.

Many modern business models rely on the collection and use of large amounts of data on the actions of consumers and workers joint pain treatment in ayurveda generic 10 mg elavil free shipping. Apps and sensors can make it easier for companies and social partners to monitor working conditions and labour law compliance in supply chains allied pain treatment center youngstown oh order elavil 75mg otc. Governments can invest in incubating and testing digital technologies, including blockchain, that could support social security payments for those working on labour platforms. Some studies find that financial development reduces inequality, especially in developing countries. It also sheds light on mechanisms connecting financial growth and inequality besides those assuming that all credit goes to productive uses. In some cases the key increase in financial gains has favoured the top 20 percent of the income distribution-the professional-managerial class-rather than the top 1 percent. For those with fewer options to diversify expenditure, lower purchasing power as a result of anticompetitive practices, such as collusion and monopoly, translates into reduced capabilities. An increasing concentration of revenues nationally does not necessarily imply more market power. In many cases geographic markets for products are local, but concentration is measured nationally, so it reflects a shift from local to national firms rather than market power. Markups are also difficult to observe objectively, as different assumptions and measurement methods lead to different results for markup levels and trends. In many countries cartels are already illegal, but more resources could be devoted to enforcement. Mergers are another route to market concentration, and stricter merger enforcement could help tackle rising market power by posing legal challenges to mergers that may stifle competition. Policy can also prevent dominant firms from using their position and network effect to exclude their competitors from markets, by investigating such cases more rigorously. Other policies include reducing the licencing requirements in certain occupations and the legal restrictions that protect the position of incumbent firms and regulating monopolies through prices or, for technology firms, through rules on data ownership, privacy and open interfaces. Over the last few years European regulators have been particularly active in scrutinizing potential anticompetitive practices of big tech companies-for example, the European Commission fined Google 8. Several of the policies discussed in the first half of this chapter would likely be making larger claims on public resources in many countries. Direct income tax and transfer schemes thus matter not only because they tend to reduce disposable income inequality. Spending on in-kind transfers such as education and health can also reduce inequalities in capabilities, in turn reducing income inequality. Importantly, reductions in inequalities in income and opportunity can also reinforce each other. The effect of redistribution on income inequality can be seen by comparing inequality before and after taxes and transfers (direct and in kind). While the analysis of the impact of redistribution can be affected by differences in income concepts and definitions relating to "before" and "after" taxes and transfers (see spotlight 3. There generally is evidence of larger effects of redistribution in developed countries than in developing countries (box 7. Poorer households are typically the most affected by market concentration because they consume a more homogeneous set of goods, have less opportunity to substitute consumption and have limited access to markets. Mexico is well known for its history of monopolies, including Telmex for fixed-line communications (privatized in 1990) and an oligopoly in corn products, an important household staple. For corn products a decline in market concentration would benefit households at the bottom of the income distribution more (in relative terms), since they allocate a larger share of their consumption to these products. Corn is especially relevant in the diet for low-income groups in Mexico, therefore, for households in the four lowest deciles, moving from a concentrated market to perfect competition would increase their average income by 1. By contrast, the increase among households in the three highest deciles would be only about 0. Competition-enhancing policies that reduce concentration in key markets can benefit households. The hypothetical case shows that market concentration in key sectors of the Mexican economy reduces welfare, especially among poor and vulnerable households. Moving towards competitive markets, among the main objectives of the Mexican government, requires removing market imperfections and economic distortions to enhance economic performance. Box figure 1 Mexico: Expenditure share in mobile communications and corn, by income decile Expenditure share by decile (percent) 10 8 6 4 2 0 Decile 1 Decile 2 Decile 3 Decile 4 Decile 5 Decile 6 Decile 7 Corn Decile 8 Decile 9 Decile 10 9.

When there are large gaps in the data pain treatment center natchez generic 75mg elavil, assumptions have to be made that are very significant and open to scrutiny (Galbraith and others 2016) neuropathic pain treatment guidelines order 25mg elavil overnight delivery. In India the government stopped publishing data between 2000 and 2010 (see Chancel and Piketty 2017). The research here on the levels and evolution of global income inequality draws heavily on Alvaredo and others (2018), which provides full details on methods and sources. Western Europe is built by merging the income distributions of France, Germany and the United Kingdom and an aggregate merging other Western European countries (28 countries in total) to cover 420 million people. The Middle East is defined as the region from Egypt to Iran and from Turkey to the Gulf countries and covers 410 million people. Canadian growth is distributed to the Canadian population assuming the same distribution as the one observed in the United States. The simplification seems acceptable given the similar trajectories of top income shares observed in the two countries and is justified by the relatively small 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 size of Canada as compared with the United States (implying that different assumptions on the distribution of national income in Canada only have a marginal impact on the distribution of growth in the United States and Canada combined). This allows a simple estimate of inequality in a region that is broadly comparable in size to Western Europe, while taking into consideration the main differences in national income levels and growth trajectories between the United States and Canada. Here pensions and unemployment benefits are considered deferred income and are therefore counted as part of pretax and government transfers income; see spotlight 3. Although it should be emphasized that the top 1 percent and bottom 50 percent of the population are not necessarily composed of the same individuals in 1980 and 2016. Indeed, when measured in absolute terms the elephant curve looks more like a hockey stick (Ravallion 2018a). This fact is illustrated by focusing on shares of total growth captured and not only on the growth rates of each income group. See Alvaredo and others (2018) for a more detailed discussion of national trajectories. Indeed, the two scenarios are not additive, in the sense that global inequality is not the sum of the two curves. The values presented for the Americas, Asia and Europe are based on distributional national accounts. See also Alvaredo and Atkinson (2010) for an analysis of South Africa in historical perspective. Other forms of inequality prevalent at the time, in terms of access to public services or consumption of other forms of in-kind benefits, may have enabled local elites to enjoy much higher standards of living than their income levels suggest. Keleher and Franklin 2008; Marcus 2018; Marcus and Harper 2014; Munoz Boudet and others 2012; Sen, Ostlin and George 2007. Bandura 2003; Mackie and others 2015; Munoz Boudet and others 2012; Sood, Menard and Witte 2009. Still, unmarried women need to be considered when designing policies and interventions for reproductive health. This may seem to exclude production, but it is possible to consider not only direct emissions from consumption (such as driving a car) but also the indirect emissions related to production of a good or service (for instance, the steel processing, manufacturing and transportation activities required to make a chair available for someone to sit on). Market concentration was key in the history of the development of the Montreal Protocol in 1987 to combat ozone-destroying chlorofluorocarbons. For years, dominant firms opposed regulatory action until they saw how they could benefit economically from regulation that would create a profitable market for chemical substitutes (Hamann and others 2018; Maxwell and Briscoe 1998). See, for instance, Alesina and La Ferrara (2000); Anderson, Mellor and Milyo (2008); Bardhan (2000); Costa and Kahn (2003); and Varughese and Ostrom (2001). In its most general formulation, the pollution haven hypothesis posits that trade liberalization encourages more polluting firms and industries to move some of their operations to countries with laxer environmental standards, thereby increasing pollution in receiving countries. Evidence for the hypothesis is mixed; see Gill, Viswanathan and Abdul Karim (2018) for a comprehensive review. A conceptual sticking point is causality-that is, whether firms relocate because of the laxer environmental standards or for some other reason that also happens to correlate with weaker standards. Some compelling evidence exists for the hypothesis for carbon dioxide emissions, including recently in Itzhak, Kleimeier and Viehs (2018), which used innovative micro data. Environmental burden shifting as presented in this chapter is broader than under the pollution haven hypothesis and is not preconditioned on differences in environmental regulation. It can occur between countries-in the form of net flows of virtual pollution or resource use (such as freshwater use) bundled in traded goods-or within them-for example, in the siting of waste disposal facilities. Kolcava, Nguyen and Bernauer (2019) show only partial support for a link between trade liberalization via preferential trade agreements and environmental burden shifting, as measured by aggregate ecological footprints.

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