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Postharvest Pathology Important diseases during storage are bacterial soft rot (Erwinia carotovora [Jones] Bergey et al treatment skin cancer generic lopid 300mg visa. Suitability as Fresh-Cut Product Peeled and sliced kohlrabi has potential as a freshcut product medicine you cant take with grapefruit purchase lopid 300mg online. Peeled and cut kohlrabi does not produce strong off odors when held in low-O2 atmospheres (Forney and Jordan 1999). The edible portion consists of the elongated bases of the foliage leaves (a false stem) and the lower parts, which are blanched white from being underground. There are three major types of leek: European leek, which develops a short and thick pseudostem; Turkish leek, which develops a relatively long and thin pseudostem; and kurrat, which does not produce a pseudostem. Hydrocooling, crushed ice, and vacuum-cooling are the most common methods to promptly cool harvested leeks to 0 °C (32 °F). Good refrigeration retards elongation and curvature that develops in leeks at 10 to 21 °C (50 to 70 °F). Leeks held in polyethylene-lined crates remain saleable for 5 to 6 weeks at 0 °C (32 °F) under crushed ice, 4 weeks at 0 °C without ice, more than 2 weeks at 4. Freshly harvested leeks held naked in consumer-unit perforated polyethylene bags or in nonperforated (sealed) polyethylene bags remain attractive and saleable for up to 10 weeks. They can last up to 10 weeks under crushed ice at 0 °C (32 °F); for 10 weeks without ice at 0 °C (32 °F); for 12 days at 10 °C (50 °F); and 6 days at 21 °C (70 °F). Quality Characteristics and Criteria High-quality leeks are firm and smooth, free of blemishes, and have characteristic white stems with dark-green leaves. The cut bottoms should be flat, because rounded bottoms may indicate prolonged storage. Horticultural Maturity Indices Leeks can grow as tall as 50 to 100 cm (20 to 39 in) in height and are harvested when the base diameter reaches 2. They can, depending on diameter, be bunched in groups of three and placed in polyethylene film bags to prevent moisture loss. Retail Outlet Display Considerations Leeks should be held as close to 0 °C (32 °F) as possible and preferably away from products that produce ethylene. Senescent yellowing develops more rapidly at warmer temperatures, and moderate wilting is apparent when leeks lose about 15% of their weight. Chilling Sensitivity Postharvest Pathology Leeks are not sensitive to chilling and should be stored as cold as possible without freezing. Ethylene Production and Sensitivity Quarantine Issues Leeks produce very low levels of ethylene: <0. Special Considerations Cultivar, preharvest and postharvest conditions, degree of trimming, and method of packing will all influence the storage life of leeks. Acknowledgments Some of the information in this chapter is from the University of Oregon website, "Commercial Vegetable Production Guides, Leeks," at horticulture. Physiological Disorders Slight elongation and geotrophic curvature may occur, even at 0 °C (32 °F). Leeks held in polyethylene-lined crates elongate less than 1% per week at 0 °C (32 °F) under crushed ice, 3% per week at 0 °C (32 °F) without ice, 13% per week at 4. No attempt has been made to establish a relation between elongation 380 References Hruschka, H. Smilanick is formerly with the Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U. He is now with the Commodity Protection & Quality Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U. Precooling Conditions Most packing houses do not precool lemons because the anticipated benefit is too modest, or they may need to degreen the fruit with ethylene, which requires 20 °C (68 °F) pulp temperatures. Arizona and to a lesser extent Florida also produce a significant portion of the lemon crop. The exact origin of the lemon is unknown, but some have linked it to northwestern India. Optimum Storage Conditions Yellow lemons harvested when dark green have a much longer postharvest life than those picked yellow, which must be marketed more rapidly due their shorter shelf-life. Lemons should be stored between 7 and 12 °C (45 and 54 °F) depending on the maturity-ripeness stage at harvest, season of harvest, storage time, and production area. Because lemons are chilling sensitive, they should not be stored for prolonged periods below 10 °C (50 °F), though 3 to 4 weeks storage at 3 to 5 °C (37 to 41 °F), which is typical for some receivers, is usually tolerated without harm. It is generally recognized that proper storage of lemons improves quality (juice content, flavor, and color).

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Roof symptoms stiff neck generic 300mg lopid visa, footing medications are administered to purchase lopid 300 mg on-line, garage, cellar, and surface water drainage must be excluded from household plumbing and discharged away from the system. Considerable variability in wastewater flow rate occurs from household to household. Many factors can influence the quantity and quality of daily wastewater discharges such as: Number of occupants (including homes used for vacation rentals and entertaining) Number of bedrooms Garbage grinders (increases solids and grease discharges) Type of water supply (public vs. Minimum daily design flows for residential systems that are based upon the number of bedrooms in the dwelling and the age of fixtures are listed in Table 1. Design for new construction shall be based upon a minimum daily flow of 110 gallons per day per bedroom. Other daily design flows including those listed in Table 1, may be applicable for systems receiving wastewater from dwellings equipped with older plumbing fixtures, extreme water use fixtures (such as a multi-head shower system) or nondischarging toilets (such as a composter). Daily design flow rates for wastewater treatment system expansion to meet an actual or potential occupancy increase (for example adding rooms to a residence that will or can be used as bedrooms) should also be in accordance with Table 1. It may be beneficial for the Design Professional to perform a homeowner interview and review architectural plans to account for potential bedrooms, occupancy, extreme water use fixtures, and intended uses that could affect wastewater discharges from the dwelling. There have been some reports of issues, however, related to the discharge of water softener waste brine to septic tanks and specific soil types. Waste brine from household water softener units may have an adverse effect on the operation of a septic tank when the water treatment system is not operating properly and may cause a shortening of the life of an absorption facility, particularly when the system is installed in a structured clay type soil. Therefore, when possible, brine backwash waste from household water softening equipment should be discharged to a separate soil absorption facility such as a trench or shallow pit. Discharging brine backwash waste from household water softening equipment directly into the groundwater or on the surface of the ground is unacceptable. Care must also be taken not to dispose of concentrated backwash discharges containing dissolved sodium and chloride in areas or ways that can impact water supply wells. Separation distances required for conventional absorption facilities shall also be met for the backwash waste absorption facility. When softener discharges must be to the septic tank, the water treatment system should be maintained on a regular basis to ensure that the system is functioning properly. An "as-needed" regeneration softener is recommended over an automatic timer-operated softener to minimize the number of regeneration brine discharges. As a result, toilets manufactured between 1980 and 1991 were required to use no more than 3. At the time, available data predicted an approximate 15% decrease in water use with the installation of these water saving fixtures. Products such as shower heads, faucets, clothes washers and toilets (low flow and dual-flush) carrying the Water Sense label are certified to perform well and use less water include faucets: 1. Therefore, septic tank size and other certain 20 Chapter 3: Wastewater Flows system parameters are not affected when water saving fixtures are used. Rapid draining of these units, which may contain a few hundred gallons of water, can interfere with the proper operation of a septic tank by disturbing settled solids within the tank. Draining should be controlled via the drain pump/valve to allow no more than five (5) gpm to discharge to minimize flow velocity into the septic tank. Overuse can result in premature failure of the absorption system due hydraulic overload or carryover of suspended solids from the septic tank. Hot tub discharges should be managed similar to swimming pool backwash and draining. Household chemicals such as bleach, disinfectants, cleansers, antibacterial soaps, etc. Roof, footing, garage, cellar, surface and cooling water must be excluded from septic tanks and discharged away from the absorption area. Materials not readily degraded such as paper towels, newspaper, wrapping paper, rags, cotton swabs, sanitary napkins, feminine hygiene products, condoms, disposable diapers, coffee grounds, cat litter, cooking fats/oils, bones, facial tissues, dental floss and cigarette butts should not be flushed into septic tanks. These products do not degrade in the tank and can clog inlets, outlets, and the absorption system. Other often-used household products that should not be discharged into septic tanks include antifreeze, pesticides, herbicides, oil, gasoline, paint, turpentine or other hazardous chemicals.

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Hydrosalpinx Collection of mucus secretion into the fallopian tube is called hydrosalpinx symptoms 7 days after ovulation cheap 300mg lopid with mastercard. Depending on tubal diameter hydrosalpinx may be mild <15 mm; moderate 15­30 mm; severe > 30 mm the uterine ostium gets closed by congestion medicine wheel colors cheap 300 mg lopid mastercard. The wall is smooth and shiny containing clear fluid inside, which is usually sterile. At times, there is intermittent discharge of the fluid into the uterine cavity (intermittent hydrosalpinx or hydrops tubal profluens). Hydrosalpinx is also considered as the end stage of pyosalpinx when the pus becomes liquefied to make the fluid clear. Complications the following may happen: (i) Formation of tuboovarian cyst (ii) Torsion (iii) Infection from the gut (iv) Rupture. Pyosalpinx: the pyogenic organisms, if become virulent, produce intense inflammatory reaction Pathogenesis: It is usually due to the end result of repeated attacks of mild endosalpingitis by pyogenic organisms of low virulence but highly irritant. During initial infection, the fimbriae are edematous and indrawn with the serous surface, adhering together to produce closure of the abdominal ostium. May remain patent (iv) More involvement and as such adhesions are more and dense takes longer time (> 1 year), may have recurrent attack May be possible sexually transmitted Infection occurs usually during and following menstruation Mode of infection-by continuity and contiguity (fig. The following are the probabilities: (i) It is related to tubercular infection, although it may be the residue of any form of chronic interstitial salpingitis. Naked eye examination reveals one or two nodules in the isthmus of the tube, often involving the uterine cornu. Microscopically, there is thickening of the muscularis in which the tubal epithelium lined spaces are scattered, giving an adenomatous picture. The clinical features and investigations of salpingitis have already been described in the p. The tube becomes closed at both ends; the abdominal ostium by adhesions of the fimbriae and the uterine end by exudate. Because of intense inflammatory reaction and/or escape of pus into the peritoneal cavity, there is dense adhesions with the surrounding structures like ovaries, intestines, omentum, and pelvic peritoneum. Chronic Interstitial Salpingitis the tube enlarges mainly due to great thickness of the wall. Microscopically, there is extensive infiltration of plasma cells and histiocytes in all the layers. Inpatient therapy (Temp >39°C, toxic look, lower abdominal guarding, and rebound tenderness). With effective therapy, the prospect of future reproductive function of the tube is not so gloomy. But once the cilia is damaged, commonly with gonococcal infection or pyogenic infection (repeated), the prospect of future fertility is very much poor even with reconstructive surgery. The ovaries are almost always affected during salpingitis and as such the nomenclature of salpingo-oophoritis is preferred. The affection of the ovary from tubal infection occurs by the following routes: x Directly from the exudates contaminating the ovarian surface producing perioophoritis. If the organisms are severe, an abscess is formed and a tubo-ovarian abscess results. Direct affection of the ovaries without tubal involvement may be due to mumps or influenza. This is because the capsule of the ovary is elastic and as such, ischemic injury to the graafian follicles is not likely. Even if some follicles are damaged, many are left behind to carry on the reproductive function. Etiology-(Source of Infection) Delivery and abortion through placental site or from lacerations of the cervix, vaginal vault, or lower uterine segment. There is intense hyperemia with exudation of serous fluid, lymph, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The purulent exudate may be localized or may have extrapelvic extension along the tract of blood vessels and ureter.

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Hence the size of the effort which it must put forward to replace its means of production or to cover its ceremonial costs is also a function of the ways in which labor is divided within the society to which the peasant belongs medicine 2015 song order lopid 300 mg on line, and of the regulations governing that division of labor medicine allergies generic 300mg lopid overnight delivery. Thus, in some societies, the amount of effort required to meet these needs may be quite small. This is true, for example, in a society where a man grows his own food and makes his own basic equipment. For him the amount of surplus required to obtain articles from the outside is reduced; indeed, it is identical with his replacement fund. This is also true in societies where different households manufacture different objects or provide different services that are exchanged in equivalent reciprocal relations. If I grow grain, but do not make my own blankets, I may exchange a given amount of grain for a given number of blankets; the blanket-maker thus gets food in return for his labor. In such situations men obtain goods through exchanges, but-and this is an important but-the amount of food they must grow to get needed blankets or pots is still chargeable to their replacement fund, even though the manner by which they replace goods they do not make themselves is indirect. But it is possible, and increasingly so as societies have grown more complex, that the exchange ratios between units of food produced by the cultivator and units of goods produced are not exchanged in equivalencies determined by the face-to-face negotiation of producer and consumer, but according to asymmetrical ratios of exchange determined by external conditions. Where the networks of exchange are restricted and localized, Here, Wolf once again reminds us of the ways that communities articulate with the outside world. A farmer can exchange food with a blanket maker in a simple system at rates that are equitable for both and which both parties agree too. What happens, however, if, because of global connections, the blanket maker has an opportunity to sell the participants must adjust the prices of their goods to the purchasing power of their potential customers. But where exchange networks are far-flung and obey pressures which take no account of the purchasing power of a local population, a cultivator may have to step up his production greatly to obtain even the items that are required for replacement. Funds of Rent There is yet a second set of social imperatives which may produce surpluses beyond the caloric minimum and replacement level. The relation of the cultivator to other craft specialists may be symmetrical, as we have seen above. They may exchange different products, but at traditional and long-established ratios. However, there exist in more complex societies social relations which are not symmetrical, but are based, in some form, upon the exercise of power. Twenty-seven hundred pounds, or more than half of the effective yield, went in payment of dues to a lord who maintained jurisdiction, or domain, over the land. Only 1300 pounds remained to feed the cultivator and his family, yielding a per capita daily ration of 1600 calories. This peasant, then, was subject to asymmetrical power relations which made a his wares to wealthy collectors? The price of blankets rises and the farmer is placed in competition with the wealthy collector. The blanket maker has opportunities that are not available (or not equally available) to the farmer, and the producers of blankets will find that their livelihoods will be affected by external forces outside of their control. It is certainly true that, in the course of cultural evolution, the rulers have commonly settled in special centers which have often become cities. Yet, in some societies, the rulers merely " camped " among the peasantry, as the Watusi rulers did until very recently among the Bahutu peasantry of Ruanda Urundi. Or the rulers may have lived at religious centers such as tombs or shrines to which produce was brought by the peasantry. In ancient Egypt, the Pharaoh set up his temporary capital near the pyramid being built in his honor; the role of cities remained insignificant. Among the Peten Maya, political integration appears to have been achieved without the emergence of densely settled urban zones. I should like to think of it as a settlement in which a combination of functions are exercised, and which becomes useful because in time greater efficiency is obtained by having these functions concentrated in one site. In India, until recently, some large settlements contained the castle and power apparatus of military rulers, and served as administrative centers.

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References:

  • https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2011/cr11307.pdf
  • https://www.umassmed.edu/contentassets/66f15a869812422d89dde09736daf7b3/fy2014-activities-report.pdf
  • https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(04)16207-7.pdf
  • https://www.mona.uwi.edu/fms/wimj/system/files/article_pdfs/dr_c-h_hsiao_wimj.september.qxd_.pdf